Primary prevention
No vaccines exist for prevention of acute pyelonephritis. There are several methods to prevent urinary tract infections in women, which may help prevent ascending urinary tract infections. These methods are as follows:
Increase fluid intake to at least 8 glasses per day to maintain bladder hygiene.
Improve voiding habits by always responding to the initial urge to void.
Void after intercourse to rid urethra of bacteria acquired during sex, and if there is a history of atypical anatomy or recurrent urinary tract infections.
Secondary prevention
Antibiotic prophylaxis may be indicated, specifically trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and nitrofurantoin.[87]
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