References
Key articles
Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Feb 2;143(5):e72-227.Full text
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Heart valve disease presenting in adults: investigation and management. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text
Praz F, Borger MA, Lanz J, et al. 2025 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2025 Nov 21;46(44):4635-736.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
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