Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) presents a significant burden worldwide. Both the incidence and prevalence of SLE vary widely depending on population demographics, socio-economic factors, gender, and certain ethnic populations.[3]Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge MJ, et al. The worldwide incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017 Nov 1;56(11):1945-61.
https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/56/11/1945/4079913
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28968809?tool=bestpractice.com
[4]Stojan G, Petri M. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: an update. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2018 Mar;30(2):144-50.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026543
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29251660?tool=bestpractice.com
[5]Fatoye F, Gebrye T, Mbada C. Global and regional prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in low-and-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2022 Dec;42(12):2097-107.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-022-05183-4
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36006459?tool=bestpractice.com
Methods applied to study the epidemiology of SLE have limitations. Studies have primarily focused on white populations and most have been conducted in small, well-defined geographical areas.
According to one systematic review and meta-analysis which assessed data from multiple countries (Argentina, China, Cuba, Colombia, Democratic Republic Congo, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Turkey, Ukraine, Venezuela, and Zimbabwe) prevalence of SLE ranged from 3.2 per 100,000 people (India) to 3000 per 100,000 people (Kenya); in the same dataset, incidence was found to range from 0.3 per 100,000 people (Ukraine) to 8.7 per 100,000 people (Brazil).[5]Fatoye F, Gebrye T, Mbada C. Global and regional prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in low-and-middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int. 2022 Dec;42(12):2097-107.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00296-022-05183-4
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36006459?tool=bestpractice.com
In the UK, from 1999 to 2012, the incidence of SLE has been estimated to be 4.91 per 100,000 person-years; evidence suggests that the prevalence of SLE in the UK is increasing.[6]Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge M, et al. The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the UK, 1999-2012. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jan;75(1):136-41.
https://ard.bmj.com/content/75/1/136.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25265938?tool=bestpractice.com
Incidence is higher in women than in men; reported sex ratios range from 2:1 to 15:1.[6]Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge M, et al. The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the UK, 1999-2012. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jan;75(1):136-41.
https://ard.bmj.com/content/75/1/136.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25265938?tool=bestpractice.com
[7]Mitchet CJ Jr, McKenna CH, Elveback LR, et al. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus and other connective tissue diseases in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 through 1979. Mayo Clin Proc. 1985 Feb;60(2):105-13.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3974288?tool=bestpractice.com
[8]Flower C, Hennis AJ, Hambleton IR, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in an African Caribbean population: incidence, clinical manifestations, and survival in the Barbados National Lupus Registry. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012 Aug;64(8):1151-8.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/acr.21656
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22392730?tool=bestpractice.com
Peak age of onset ranges from 30 to 70 years in women and between 50 and 70 years in men.[3]Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge MJ, et al. The worldwide incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017 Nov 1;56(11):1945-61.
https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/56/11/1945/4079913
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28968809?tool=bestpractice.com
[6]Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge M, et al. The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the UK, 1999-2012. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jan;75(1):136-41.
https://ard.bmj.com/content/75/1/136.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25265938?tool=bestpractice.com
Data from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention National Lupus Registries (2002-2004; 2007-2009) estimated the prevalence of SLE in the US at 72.8 per 100,000 person-years.[9]Izmirly PM, Parton H, Wang L, et al. Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States: estimates from a meta-analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Lupus Registries. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Jun;73(6):991-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33474834?tool=bestpractice.com
The prevalence estimate was nine times higher among women (128.7 per 100,000) than among men (14.6 per 100,000). Prevalence was highest among African-American people (230.9 per 100,000 for women and 26.7 per 100,000 for men), followed by Hispanic people (120.7 per 100,000 for women and 18.0 per 100,000 for men), and lowest in white people (84.7 per 100,000 for women and 8.9 per 100,000 for men).[9]Izmirly PM, Parton H, Wang L, et al. Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the United States: estimates from a meta-analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Lupus Registries. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Jun;73(6):991-6.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33474834?tool=bestpractice.com
Global epidemiological data appear to confirm differences reported between ethnic groups in the US. [3]Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge MJ, et al. The worldwide incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017 Nov 1;56(11):1945-61.
https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/56/11/1945/4079913
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28968809?tool=bestpractice.com