Criteria

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) - 2015 case definition[58]

Clinical description:

  • An acute febrile illness (i.e., temperature greater than 38.3°C [101°F]) with a prodrome consisting of fever, chills, myalgia, headache, and gastrointestinal symptoms, and one or more of the following clinical features:

    • Bilateral diffuse interstitial oedema; or

    • Clinical diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome; or

    • Radiographic evidence of non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema; or

    • An unexplained respiratory illness resulting in death, which includes an autopsy examination that demonstrates non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema without an identifiable cause; or

    • Healthcare record with a diagnosis of HPS; or

    • Death certificate that lists HPS as a cause of death or as a significant condition contributing to death.

Laboratory criteria:

  • Detection of hantavirus-specific immunoglobulin M or rising titres of hantavirus-specific immunoglobulin G; or

  • Detection of hantavirus-specific ribonucleic acid in clinical specimens; or

  • Detection of hantavirus antigen by immunohistochemistry in lung biopsy or autopsy tissues.

Case classification:

  • Confirmed: a clinically compatible case of HPS with laboratory evidence.

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