References

Key articles

Seaton E, Madan V. Benign keratinocytic acanthomas and proliferations. In: Barker J, Griffiths C, Bleiker T, eds. Rook's textbook of dermatology. 10th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2024.

Patterson JW. Chapter 32: Tumors of the epidermis. In: Patterson JW. Weedon's skin pathology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025: 877-936.

Barthelmann S, Butsch F, Lang BM, et al. Seborrheic keratosis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2023 Mar;21(3):265-77.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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2. Patterson JW. Chapter 32: Tumors of the epidermis. In: Patterson JW. Weedon's skin pathology. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025: 877-936.

3. Yeatman JM, Kilkenny M, Marks R. The prevalence of seborrhoeic keratoses in an Australian population: does exposure to sunlight play a part in their frequency? Br J Dermatol. 1997;137:411-414. Abstract

4. Gorai S, Ahmad S, Raza SSM, et al. Update of pathophysiology and treatment options of seborrheic keratosis. Dermatol Ther. 2022 Dec;35(12):e15934.Full text  Abstract

5. Holdiness MR. On the classification of the sign of Leser-Trelat. J Am Acad Dermatology. 1988;19:754-757. Abstract

6. Schwartz RA. Sign of Leser-Trelat. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35:88-95. Abstract

7. Barthelmann S, Butsch F, Lang BM, et al. Seborrheic keratosis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2023 Mar;21(3):265-77.Full text  Abstract

8. Mirali S, Mufti A, Lansang RP, et al. Eruptive seborrheic keratoses are associated with a co-occurring malignancy in the majority of reported cases: a systematic review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2022 Jan-Feb;26(1):57-62.Full text  Abstract

9. Augustin M, Herberger K, Hintzen S, et al. Prevalence of skin lesions and need for treatment in a cohort of 90 880 workers. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Oct;165(4):865-73.Full text  Abstract

10. Du Y, Doraiswamy C, Mao J, et al. Facial skin characteristics and concerns in Indonesia: a cross-sectional observational study. Skin Res Technol. 2022 Sep;28(5):719-28.Full text  Abstract

11. Jackson JM, Alexis A, Berman B, et al. Current understanding of seborrheic keratosis: prevalence, etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015 Oct;14(10):1119-25. Abstract

12. Bhat RM, Patrao N, Monteiro R, et al. A clinical, dermoscopic, and histopathological study of dermatosis papulosa nigra (DPN) - an Indian perspective. Int J Dermatol. 2017 Sep;56(9):957-60. Abstract

13. Cheong KA, Lee AY. Guanine deaminase stimulates ultraviolet-induced keratinocyte senescence in seborrhoeic keratosis via guanine metabolites. Acta Derm Venereol. 2020 Apr 6;100(8):adv00109.Full text  Abstract

14. Xie F, Wang R, Chen Y, et al. A case of seborrhoeic keratosis and family survey. West Indian Med J. 2015 May 11;65(1):219-21.Full text  Abstract

15. Nakamura H, Hirota S, Adachi S, et al. Clonal nature of seborrheic keratosis demonstrated by using the polymorphism of the human androgen receptor locus as a marker. J Invest Dermatol. 2001 Apr;116(4):506-10.Full text  Abstract

16. Rayess H, Wang MB, Srivatsan ES. Cellular senescence and tumor suppressor gene p16. Int J Cancer. 2012 Apr 15;130(8):1715-25.Full text  Abstract

17. Alexandrova AK, Smolyannikova VA, Filatova VA, et al. Protein p16 role in seborrheic keratosis. Our Dermatol Online. 2016;7(4):377-380.Full text

18. Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang W, et al. Overexpression of amyloid precursor protein promotes the onset of seborrhoeic keratosis and is related to skin ageing. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018 Jun 8;98(6):594-600.Full text  Abstract

19. Kwon OS, Hwang EJ, Bae JH, et al. Seborrheic keratosis in the Korean males: causative role of sunlight. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2003;19:73-80. Abstract

20. Hafner C, Hartmann A, van Oers JM, et al. FGFR3 mutations in seborrheic keratoses are already present in flat lesions and associated with age and localization. Mod Pathol. 2007;20:895-903. Abstract

21. Kambiz KH, Kaveh D, Maede D, et al. Human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid may not be detected in non-genital benign papillomatous skin lesions by polymerase chain reaction. Indian J Dermatol. 2014 Jul;59(4):334-8.Full text  Abstract

22. Huang J, Zhang L, Shi L, et al. An epidemiological study on skin tumors of the elderly in a community in Shanghai, China. Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 17;13(1):4441.Full text  Abstract

23. Garcia MS, Azari R, Eisen DB. Treatment of dermatosis papulosa nigra in 10 patients: a comparison trial of electrodesiccation, pulsed dye laser, and curettage. Dermatol Surg. 2010 Dec;36(12):1968-72. Abstract

24. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Melanoma: assessment and management. Jul 2022 [internet publication].Full text

25. Tschandl P, Codella N, Akay BN, et al. Comparison of the accuracy of human readers versus machine-learning algorithms for pigmented skin lesion classification: an open, web-based, international, diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 2019 Jul;20(7):938-947.Full text  Abstract

26. Braun RP, Rabinovitz HS, Krischer J, et al. Dermoscopy of pigmented seborrheic keratosis: a morphological study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1556-60.Full text  Abstract

27. Ahlgrimm-Siess V, Cao T, Oliviero M, et al. Seborrheic keratosis: reflectance confocal microscopy features and correlation with dermoscopy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:120-6. Abstract

28. Wollina U. Recent advances in managing and understanding seborrheic keratosis. F1000Res. 2019 Aug 28;8:F1000 Faculty Rev-1520.Full text  Abstract

29. Bafounta ML, Beauchet A, Aegerter P, et al. Is dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy) useful for the diagnosis of melanoma? Results of a meta-analysis using techniques adapted to the evaluation of diagnostic tests. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1343-1350. Abstract

30. Wang SQ, Rabinovitz H, Oliviero MC. Dermoscopic patterns of solar lentigines and seborrheic keratoses. Braun. In: Marghoob AA, Braun RP, Kopf AW, eds. Atlas of dermoscopy. London: Taylor and Francis; 2005:60-71.

31. Izikson L, Sober AJ, Mihm MC Jr, et al. Prevalence of melanoma clinically resembling seborrheic keratosis: analysis of 9204 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1562-1566.Full text  Abstract

32. Vinciullo C, Madan V. Basal cell carcinoma. In: Griffiths C E M, Barker J, Bleiker​ T O, eds. Rook's textbook of dermatology. 10th ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2024.

33. Cranwell WC, Sinclair R. Optimising cryosurgery technique. Aust Fam Physician. 2017;46(5):270-4. Abstract

34. Wood LD, Stucki JK, Hollenbeak CS, et al. Effectiveness of cryosurgery vs curettage in the treatment of seborrheic keratoses. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149:108-109.Full text  Abstract

35. Mardani G, Nasiri MJ, Namazi N, et al. Treatment of solar lentigines: a systematic review of clinical trials. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2025 Apr;24(4):e70133.Full text  Abstract

36. Natarelli N, Krenitsky A, Hennessy K, et al. Efficacy and safety of topical treatments for seborrheic keratoses: a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2023 Dec;34(1):2133532.Full text  Abstract

37. Ortonne JP, Pandya AG, Lui H, et al. Treatment of solar lentigines. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006;54(suppl 2):S262-71. Abstract

38. Krupashankar DS; IADVL Dermatosurgery Task Force. Standard guidelines of care: CO2 laser for removal of benign skin lesions and resurfacing. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2008;74(suppl):S61-7.Full text  Abstract

39. Polder KD, Landau JM, Vergilis-Kalner IJ, et al. Laser eradication of pigmented lesions: a review. Dermatol Surg. 2011;37:572-595. Abstract

40. Jain S, Caire H, Haas CJ. Management of dermatosis papulosa nigra: a systematic review. Int J Dermatol. 2025 Mar;64(3):473-8. Abstract

41. Murphy EC, Friedman AJ. Hydrogen peroxide topical solution, 40% (w/w) for the treatment of seborrheic keratoses: a review. Skin Therapy Lett. 2020 Jan;25(1):1-4.Full text  Abstract

42. Baumann LS, Blauvelt A, Draelos ZD, et al. Safety and efficacy of hydrogen peroxide topical solution, 40% (w/w), in patients with seborrheic keratoses: Results from 2 identical, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies (A-101-SEBK-301/302). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Jun 1;79(5):869-877.Full text  Abstract

43. Funkhouser CH, Coerdt KM, Haidari W, et al. Hydrogen peroxide 40% for the treatment of seborrheic keratoses. Ann Pharmacother. 2021 Feb;55(2):216-221. Abstract

44. Taylor SC, Averyhart AN, Heath CR. Postprocedural wound-healing efficacy following removal of dermatosis papulosa nigra lesions in an African American population: a comparison of a skin protectant ointment and a topical antibiotic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011 Mar;64(3 suppl):S30-5.Full text  Abstract

45. Ethington E, Mitri A, Surprenant D, et al. Patient preferences and comparative outcomes regarding cryosurgery versus electrodesiccation in the removal of truncal seborrheic keratoses. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2019 Sep;12(9):E53-6.Full text  Abstract

46. Mazzoni D, Muir J. A guide to curettage and cautery in the management of skin lesions. Aust J Gen Pract. 2021 Dec;50(12):893-7.Full text  Abstract

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