References
Key articles
Williams A, Bigham C, Marchbank A. Anaesthetic and surgical management of rib fractures. BJA Educ. 2020 Oct;20(10):332-40.Full text Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rehabilitation after traumatic injury. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text
Sermonesi G, Bertelli R, Pieracci FM, et al. Surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF): the WSES and CWIS position paper. World J Emerg Surg. 2024 Oct 18;19(1):33.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Abdelsattar ZM, Ishitani MB, Kim BD. Surgical stabilization of rib fractures in a 6-year-old child after blunt trauma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2017 Dec;104(6):e439-41.Full text Abstract
2. Burkow, J., Holste, G., Otjen, J. et al. High sensitivity methods for automated rib fracture detection in pediatric radiographs. Sci Rep 14, 8372 (2024).Full text
3. Darling SE, Done SL, Friedman SD, et al. Frequency of intrathoracic injuries in children younger than 3 years with rib fractures. Pediatr Radiol. 2014 Oct;44(10):1230-6. Abstract
4. Barsness KA, Cha ES, Bensard DD, et al. The positive predictive value of rib fractures as an indicator of nonaccidental trauma in children. J Trauma. 2003 Jun;54(6):1107-10. Abstract
5. Cadzow SP, Armstrong KL. Rib fractures in infants: red alert! The clinical features, investigations and child protection outcomes. J Paediatr Child Health. 2000 Aug;36(4):322-6. Abstract
6. Paine CW, Fakeye O, Christian CW, et al. Prevalence of abuse among young children with rib fractures: a systematic review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019 Feb;35(2):96-103. Abstract
7. Brennan B, Henry MK, Altaffer A, et al. Prevalence of abuse and additional injury in young children with rib fractures as their presenting injury. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 Dec 1;37(12):e1451-6. Abstract
8. Feldman KW. Rib fractures: elusive, but important. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2018 Nov;2(11):769-70.Full text
9. Maguire SA, Kemp AM, Lumb RC, et al. Estimating the probability of abusive head trauma: a pooled analysis. Pediatrics. 2011 Sep;128(3):e550-64. Abstract
10. Bulloch B, Schubert CJ, Brophy PD, et al. Cause and clinical characteristics of rib fractures in infants. Pediatrics. 2000 Apr;105(4):E48. Abstract
11. Högberg U, Thiblin I. Rib fractures in infancy, case-series and register case-control study from Sweden. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Mar 26;34(3):363-72.Full text Abstract
12. Kriss S, Thompson A, Bertocci G, et al. Characteristics of rib fractures in young abused children. Pediatr Radiol. 2020 May;50(5):726-33. Abstract
13. Sirmali M, Türüt H, Topçu S, et al. A comprehensive analysis of traumatic rib fractures: morbidity, mortality and management. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Jul;24(1):133-8.Full text Abstract
14. Ekestubbe L, Forssten MP, Cao Y, et al. Morbidity prediction in conservatively managed rib fracture patients. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025 Apr 29;51(1):184.Full text Abstract
15. Siris ES, Brenneman SK, Barrett-Connor E, et al. The effect of age and bone mineral density on the absolute, excess, and relative risk of fracture in postmenopausal women aged 50-99: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(4):565-74. Abstract
16. Palvanen M, Kannus P, Niemi S, et al. Epidemiology of minimal trauma rib fractures in the elderly. Calcif Tissue Int. 1998 Mar;62(3):274-7. Abstract
17. Holcomb JB, McMullin NR, Kozar RA, et al. Morbidity from rib fractures increases after age 45. J Am Coll Surg. 2003 Apr;196(4):549-55. Abstract
18. Marini CP, Petrone P, Soto-Sánchez A, et al. Predictors of mortality in patients with rib fractures. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021 Oct;47(5):1527-34.Full text Abstract
19. Keel M, Meier C. Chest injuries - what is new? Curr Opin Crit Care. 2007 Dec;13(6):674-9. Abstract
20. Liman ST, Kuzucu A, Tastepe AI, et al. Chest injury due to blunt trauma. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Mar;23(3):374-8.Full text Abstract
21. Pettiford BL, Luketich JD, Landreneau RJ. The management of flail chest. Thorac Surg Clin. 2007 Feb;17(1):25-33. Abstract
22. Peek J, Ochen Y, Saillant N, et al. Traumatic rib fractures: a marker of severe injury. A nationwide study using the National Trauma Data Bank. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2020;5(1):e000441.Full text Abstract
23. Hoke RS, Chamberlain D. Skeletal chest injuries secondary to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2004 Dec;63(3):327-38. Abstract
24. Prins JTH, Van Lieshout EMM, Van Wijck SFM, et al. Chest wall injuries due to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the effect on in-hospital outcomes in survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2021 Dec 1;91(6):966-75. Abstract
25. Badawy M, Solomon N, Elsayes KM, et al. Nonaccidental injury in the elderly: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics. 2022 Sep-Oct;42(5):1358-76.Full text Abstract
26. Kavak RP, Özdemir M. Radiological appearance of physical elder abuse. Eur Geriatr Med. 2019 Dec;10(6):871-8. Abstract
27. Xu DL, Zhang XT, Wang GH, et al. Clinical features of pathologically confirmed metastatic bone tumors: a report of 390 cases [in Chinese]. Ai Zheng. 2005 Nov;24(11):1404-7. Abstract
28. Aydoğdu K, Findik G, Agackiran Y, et al. Primary tumors of the ribs; experience with 78 patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009 Aug;9(2):251-4.Full text Abstract
29. Muñoz-Bermúdez R, Abella E, Zuccarino F, et al. Successfully non-surgical management of flail chest as first manifestation of multiple myeloma: a case report. World J Crit Care Med. 2019 Sep 11;8(5):82-6.Full text Abstract
30. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. 2025 [internet publication].Full text
31. Dragoni S, Giombini A, Di Cesare A, et al. Stress fractures of the ribs in elite competitive rowers: a report of nine cases. Skeletal Radiol. 2007 Oct;36(10):951-4. Abstract
32. Kawahara H, Baba H, Wada M, et al. Multiple rib fractures associated with severe coughing--a case report. Int Orthop. 1997;21(4):279-81.Full text Abstract
33. Low S, Kern M, Atanda A. First-rib stress fracture in two adolescent swimmers: a case report. J Sports Sci. 2015 Nov 5;34(13):1266-70. Abstract
34. Gerrie BJ, Harris JD, Lintner DM, et al. Lower thoracic rib stress fractures in baseball pitchers. Phys Sportsmed. 2015 Nov 26;44(1):93-6. Abstract
35. Smoljanović T, Bojanić I, Troha I, et al. Rib stress fractures in rowers: three case reports and review of literature [in Croatian]. Lijec Vjesn. 2007 Oct-Nov;129(10-11):327-32. Abstract
36. Gupta A, Jamshidi M, Rubin JR. Traumatic first rib fracture: is angiography necessary? A review of 730 cases. Cardiovasc Surg. 1997 Feb;5(1):48-53. Abstract
37. Poole GV. Fracture of the upper ribs and injury to the great vessels. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1989 Sep;169(3):275-82. Abstract
38. Sammy IA, Chatha H, Lecky F, et al. Are first rib fractures a marker for other life-threatening injuries in patients with major trauma? A cohort study of patients on the UK Trauma Audit and Research Network database. Emerg Med J. 2017 Apr;34(4):205-11.Full text Abstract
39. Assenza M, Centonze L, Valesini L, et al. Traumatic subclavian arterial rupture: a case report and review of literature. World J Emerg Surg. 2012 Jun 18;7(1):18.Full text Abstract
40. Williams A, Bigham C, Marchbank A. Anaesthetic and surgical management of rib fractures. BJA Educ. 2020 Oct;20(10):332-40.Full text Abstract
41. Al-Hassani A, Abdulrahman H, Afifi I, et al. Rib fracture patterns predict thoracic chest wall and abdominal solid organ injury. Am Surg. 2010 Aug;76(8):888-91. Abstract
42. Brasel KJ, Moore EE, Albrecht RA, et al. Western Trauma Association critical decisions in trauma: management of rib fractures. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Jan;82(1):200-3. Abstract
43. Kralj E, Podbregar M, Kejžar N, et al. Frequency and number of resuscitation related rib and sternum fractures are higher than generally considered. Resuscitation. 2015 Aug;93:136-41.Full text Abstract
44. Kemp AM, Dunstan F, Harrison S, et al. Patterns of skeletal fractures in child abuse: systematic review. BMJ. 2008 Oct 2;337:a1518.Full text Abstract
45. Bensen R, Adachi JD, Papaioannou A, et al. Evaluation of easily measured risk factors in the prediction of osteoporotic fractures. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2005 Sep 5;6:47.Full text Abstract
46. Kent R, Woods W, Bostrom O. Fatality risk and the presence of rib fractures. Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2008 Oct;52:73-82. Abstract
47. Resuscitation Council (UK). The ABCDE approach. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
48. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Major trauma: assessment and initial management. February 2016 [internet publication].Full text
49. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (non-complex): assessment and management. February 2016 [internet publication].Full text
50. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS services. June 2021 [internet publication].Full text
51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rehabilitation after traumatic injury. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text
52. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Child maltreatment: when to suspect maltreatment in under 18s. October 2017 [internet publication].Full text
53. Bauman ZM, Grams B, Yanala U, et al. Rib fracture displacement worsens over time. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021 Dec;47(6):1965-70.Full text Abstract
54. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Safeguarding adults in care homes. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text
55. Athanassiadi K, Gerazounis M, Theakos N. Management of 150 flail chest injuries: analysis of risk factors affecting outcome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2004 Aug;26(2):373-6.Full text Abstract
56. Sermonesi G, Bertelli R, Pieracci FM, et al. Surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF): the WSES and CWIS position paper. World J Emerg Surg. 2024 Oct 18;19(1):33.Full text Abstract
57. Royal College of Anaesthetists. Raising the standards: RCoA quality improvement compendium. Chapter 4: emergency anaesthesia. September 2020 [internet publication].Full text
58. Bulger EM, Arneson MA, Mock CN, et al. Rib fractures in the elderly. J Trauma. 2000 Jun;48(6):1040-6. Abstract
59. Stengel D, Leisterer J, Ferrada P, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography for diagnosing thoracoabdominal injuries in patients with blunt trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Dec 12;(12):CD012669.Full text Abstract
60. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: rib fractures. 2018 [internet publication].Full text
61. Livingston DH, Shogan B, John P, et al. CT diagnosis of rib fractures and the prediction of acute respiratory failure. J Trauma. 2008 Apr;64(4):905-11. Abstract
62. Talbot BS, Gange CP Jr, Chaturvedi A, et al. Traumatic rib injury: patterns, imaging pitfalls, complications, and treatment. Radiographics. 2017 Mar-Apr;37(2):628-51.Full text Abstract
63. Royal College of Radiologists; Society and College of Radiographers. The radiological investigation of suspected physical abuse in children. November 2018 [internet publication].Full text
64. Pieracci FM, Majercik S, Ali-Osman F, et al. Consensus statement: surgical stabilization of rib fractures rib fracture colloquium clinical practice guidelines. Injury. 2017 Feb;48(2):307-21. Abstract
65. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Insertion of metal rib reinforcements to stabilise a flail chest wall. October 2010 [internet publication].Full text
66. Battle C, Pelo C, Hsu J, et al. Expert consensus guidance on respiratory physiotherapy and rehabilitation of patients with rib fractures: an international, multidisciplinary e-Delphi study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023 Apr 1;94(4):578-83.Full text Abstract
67. Kishawi SK, Ho VP, Bachman KC, et al. Are we underestimating the morbidity of single rib fractures? J Surg Res. 2021 Dec;268:174-80.Full text Abstract
68. Reeder MT, Dick BH, Atkins JK, et al. Stress fractures: current concepts of diagnosis and treatment. Sports Med. 1996 Sep;22(3):198-212. Abstract
69. Karmakar MK, Ho AM. Acute pain management of patients with multiple fractured ribs. J Trauma. 2003 Mar;54(3):615-25. Abstract
70. Hsu JR, Mir H, Wally MK, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for pain management in acute musculoskeletal injury. J Orthop Trauma. 2019 May;33(5):e158-82.Full text Abstract
71. Peek J, Smeeing DPJ, Hietbrink F, et al. Comparison of analgesic interventions for traumatic rib fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2019 Aug;45(4):597-622.Full text Abstract
72. Carrier FM, Turgeon AF, Nicole PC, et al. Effect of epidural analgesia in patients with traumatic rib fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Can J Anaesth. 2009 Mar;56(3):230-42.Full text Abstract
73. Cheng YJ. Lidocaine skin patch (Lidopat® 5%) is effective in the treatment of traumatic rib fractures: a prospective double-blinded and vehicle-controlled study. Med Princ Pract. 2016;25(1):36-9.Full text Abstract
74. Johnson M, Strait L, Ata A, et al. Do lidocaine patches reduce opioid use in acute rib fractures? Am Surg. 2020 Sep;86(9):1153-8. Abstract
75. Oncel M, Sencan S, Yildiz H, et al. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain management in patients with uncomplicated minor rib fractures. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002 Jul;22(1):13-7.Full text Abstract
76. Mukherjee K, Schubl SD, Tominaga G, et al. Non-surgical management and analgesia strategies for older adults with multiple rib fractures: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and joint practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma and the Chest Wall Injury Society. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2023 Mar 1;94(3):398-407. Abstract
77. Hess DR, Kacmarek RM. eds. Chest Trauma. In: Essentials of mechanical ventilation. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2019.Full text
78. Simon B, Ebert J, Bokhari F, et al; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Management of pulmonary contusion and flail chest: an Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice management guideline. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012 Nov;73(5 Suppl 4):S351-61.Full text Abstract
79. Leinicke JA, Elmore L, Freeman BD, et al. Operative management of rib fractures in the setting of flail chest: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2013 Dec;258(6):914-21. Abstract
80. Marasco SF, Davies AR, Cooper J, et al. Prospective randomized controlled trial of operative rib fixation in traumatic flail chest. J Am Coll Surg. 2013 May;216(5):924-32. Abstract
81. Kasotakis G, Hasenboehler EA, Streib EW, et al. Operative fixation of rib fractures after blunt trauma: a practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Mar;82(3):618-26.Full text Abstract
82. Lucena-Amaro S, Cole E, Zolfaghari P. Long term outcomes following rib fracture fixation in patients with major chest trauma. Injury. 2022 Sep;53(9):2947-52. Abstract
83. Wang Z, Jia Y, Li M. The effectiveness of early surgical stabilization for multiple rib fractures: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2023 Apr 10;18(1):118.Full text Abstract
84. Fitzgerald MT, Ashley DW, Abukhdeir H, et al. Rib fracture fixation in the 65 years and older population: a paradigm shift in management strategy at a level I trauma center. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017 Mar;82(3):524-7. Abstract
85. Tanaka H, Yukioka T, Yamaguti Y, et al. Surgical stabilization of internal pneumatic stabilization? A prospective randomized study of management of severe flail chest patients. J Trauma. 2002 Apr;52(4):727-32. Abstract
86. Choi J, Gomez GI, Kaghazchi A, et al. Surgical stabilization of rib fracture to mitigate pulmonary complication and mortality: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 2021 Feb;232(2):211-9. Abstract
87. Van Vledder MG, Kwakernaak V, Hagenaars T, et al. Patterns of injury and outcomes in the elderly patient with rib fractures: a multicenter observational study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2019 Aug;45(4):575-83.Full text Abstract
88. Peuker F, Hoepelman RJ, Beeres FJP, et al. Nonoperative treatment of multiple rib fractures, the results to beat: international multicenter prospective cohort study among 845 patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2024 May 1;96(5):769-76.Full text Abstract
89. Hietbrink F, Houwert RM, van Wessem KJP, et al. The evolution of trauma care in the Netherlands over 20 years. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020 Apr;46(2):329-35.Full text Abstract
90. Brasel KJ, Guse CE, Layde P, et al. Rib fractures: relationship with pneumonia and mortality. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jun;34(6):1642-6. Abstract
91. Kerr-Valentic MA, Arthur M, Mullins RJ, et al. Rib fracture pain and disability: can we do better? J Trauma. 2003 Jun;54(6):1058-63. Abstract
92. Marasco S, Lee G, Summerhayes R, et al. Quality of life after major trauma with multiple rib fractures. Injury. 2014 Jun 21;46(1):61-5. Abstract
93. Prunet B, Bourenne J, David JS, et al. Patterns of invasive mechanical ventilation in patients with severe blunt chest trauma and lung contusion: A French multicentric evaluation of practices. J Intensive Care Soc. 2018 Apr 3;20(1):46-52.Full text Abstract
94. Ho ML, Gutierrez FR. Chest radiography in thoracic polytrauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009 Mar;192(3):599-612.Full text Abstract
95. Zuidem W. Angle stable plate osteosynthesis for non-union of rib fractures. 2007 [internet publication].Full text
96. British Orthopaedic Association. British Orthopaedic Association standards for trauma: rehabilitation and communication with trauma patients. August 2016 [internet publication].Full text
97. British Orthopaedic Association. British Orthopaedic Association standards for trauma: fracture liaison services. 2015 [internet publication].Full text
Comorbidities Manager reference articles
98. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract
99. British Geriatric Society, Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text
100. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text
101. British Geriatrics Society (BGS), Getting It Right First Time (GIRFT). Six steps to better care for older people in acute hospitals. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text
102. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text
103. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings: a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb;18:249-61.Full text Abstract
104. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-S314.Full text Abstract
105. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text
106. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract
107. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fractures (non-complex): assessment and management. February 2016 [internet publication]Full text
108. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Patient experience in adult NHS services: improving the experience of care for people using adult NHS services. June 2021 [internet publication]Full text
109. Nickel C, Arendts G, Lucke J, et al; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: geriatric syndromes. February 2021 [internet publication].Full text
110. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
111. Williams A, Bigham C, Marchbank A. Anaesthetic and surgical management of rib fractures. BJA Educ. 2020 Oct;20(10):332-40Full text Abstract
112. Ferreira-Valente MA, Pais-Ribeiro JL, Jensen MP. Validity of four pain intensity rating scales. Pain. 2011 Oct;152(10):2399-404 Abstract
113. Herr KA, Mobily PR, Kohout FJ, et al. Evaluation of the Faces Pain Scale for use with the elderly. Clin J Pain. 1998 Mar;14(1):29-38 Abstract
114. Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-15 Abstract
115. Chan S, Hadjistavropoulos T, Williams J, et al. Evidence-based development and initial validation of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate-II (PACSLAC-II). Clin J Pain. 2014 Sep;30(9):816-24 Abstract
116. Abbey J, Piller N, De Bellis A, et al. The Abbey pain scale: a 1-minute numerical indicator for people with end-stage dementia. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2004 Jan;10(1):6-13 Abstract
117. National Institue for Health and Care Excellence. Palliative care for adults: strong opioids for pain relief. Aug 2016 [internet publication].Full text
118. Davison SN. Clinical pharmacology considerations in pain management in patients with advanced kidney failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019 Jun 7;14(6):917-31Full text Abstract
119. UK Kidney Association. Kidney Patient Safety Committee: safe prescribing of opiates in kidney disease. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text
120. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Oct 2024 [internet publication].Full text
121. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726Full text Abstract
122. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2025 [internet publication]Full text
123. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]Full text
124. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. Nov 2024 [internet publication]Full text
125. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90Full text Abstract
126. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 Abstract
127. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. Abstract
128. The Trauma Audit & Research Network. Major trauma in older people. 2017 [internet publication]Full text
129. British Orthopaedic Association. The care of the older or frail orthopaedic trauma patient. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text
130. American College of Surgeons. Best practices guidelines: geriatric trauma management. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text
131. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Rehabilitation after traumatic injury. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text
132. Battle C, Carter K, Newey L, et al. Risk factors that predict mortality in patients with blunt chest wall trauma: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J. 2023 May;40(5):369-78. Abstract
133. Van Vledder MG, Kwakernaak V, Hagenaars T, et al. Patterns of injury and outcomes in the elderly patient with rib fractures: a multicenter observational study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2019 Aug;45(4):575-83.Full text Abstract
134. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Falls: assessment and prevention in older people and in people 50 and over at higher risk. Apr 2025 [internet publication].Full text
135. Yang ZC, Lin H, Jiang GH, et al. Frailty is a risk factor for falls in the older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging. 2023;27(6):487-595.Full text Abstract
136. American College of Surgeons. ACS TQP best practices guidelines for trauma center recognition of child abuse, elder abuse, and intimate partner violence. Nov 2019 [Internet publication].Full text
137. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Safeguarding adults in care homes. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text
138. Badawy M, Solomon N, Elsayes KM, et al. Nonaccidental injury in the elderly: what radiologists need to know. Radiographics. 2022 Sep-Oct;42(5):1358-76.Full text Abstract
139. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text Abstract
140. British Medical Association, the Resuscitation Council (UK) and the Royal College of Nursing. Decisions relating to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
141. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text
142. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text
143. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text
144. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Diabetes at the front door: a guideline for dealing with glucose related emergencies at the time of acute hospital admission from the Joint British Diabetes Society (JBDS) for Inpatient Care Group. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text
145. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Full text Abstract
146. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract
147. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract
148. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
149. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care; Diabetes Technology Network. Using technology to support diabetes care in hospital. Mar 2024 [internet publication].Full text
150. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text
151. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text
152. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text
153. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text
154. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text Abstract
155. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text
156. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract
157. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text Abstract
158. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. MHRA Safety update: GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists: potential risk of pulmonary aspiration during general anaesthesia or deep sedation. Jan 2025 [internet publication] .Full text
159. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. Mar 2020 [internet publication].Full text
160. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(1 Suppl 1):S321-34.Full text Abstract
161. Sermonesi G, Bertelli R, Pieracci FM, et al. Surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF): the WSES and CWIS position paper. World J Emerg Surg. 2024 Oct 18;19(1):33.Full text Abstract
162. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract
163. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text Abstract
164. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract
165. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text Abstract
166. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text Abstract
167. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract
168. Emery A, Wells J, Klaus SP, et al. Underestimation of cognitive impairment in older inpatients by the Abbreviated Mental Test Score versus the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: cross-sectional observational study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra. 2020 Sep-Dec;10(3):205-15.Full text Abstract
169. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text Abstract
170. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
171. Tieges Z, Maclullich AMJ, Anand A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the 4AT for delirium detection in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):733-43.Full text Abstract
172. Zhang XM, Jiao J, Xie XH, et al. The association between frailty and delirium among hospitalized patients: an updated meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021 Mar;22(3):527-34. Abstract
173. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
174. Bishara D. Managing drugs with anticholinergic activity. Drug Ther Bull. 2023 Sep;61(9):135-9.Full text Abstract
175. Lisibach A, Gallucci G, Benelli V, et al. Evaluation of the association of anticholinergic burden and delirium in older hospitalised patients: a cohort study comparing 19 anticholinergic burden scales. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022 Nov;88(11):4915-27.Full text Abstract
176. Smith H, Fligelstone H. Reducing patient and planetary harms from high anticholinergic burden medication. BMJ. 2024 Jan 15;384:e075708.Full text Abstract
177. Gracie TJ, Caufield-Noll C, Wang NY, et al. The association of preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2021 Aug 1;133(2):314-23.Full text Abstract
178. Liu CY, Gong N, Liu W. The association between preoperative frailty and postoperative delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Perianesth Nurs. 2022 Feb;37(1):53-62.e1. Abstract
179. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text Abstract
180. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text Abstract
181. UK Health Security Agency. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. Jul 2025 [internet publication]Full text
182. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text
183. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;12(12):CD013304.Full text Abstract
184. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text Abstract
185. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text Abstract
186. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(1 suppl 1):S321-34.Full text Abstract
187. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text
188. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text
189. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67Full text Abstract
190. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text Abstract
191. Yamada T, Shojima N, Noma H, et al. Glycemic control, mortality, and hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jan;43(1):1-15. Abstract
192. Yatabe T, Inoue S, Sakaguchi M, et al. The optimal target for acute glycemic control in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jan;43(1):16-28. Abstract
193. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
194. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
195. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text
196. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
197. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. Jun 2024 [internet publication]Full text
198. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text
199. Senneville É, Albalawi Z, van Asten SA, et al. IWGDF/IDSA guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes-related foot infections (IWGDF/IDSA 2023). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024 Mar;40(3):e3687.Full text Abstract
200. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text Abstract
201. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text Abstract
202. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text Abstract
203. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2025 [internet publication].Full text
204. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text Abstract
205. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text
206. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract
207. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract
208. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text
209. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.
210. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021
211. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text Abstract
212. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract
213. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract
214. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Full text Abstract
215. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40Full text Abstract
216. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text
217. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract
218. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, Madeira N. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text Abstract
219. Roose SP, Rutherford BR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and operative bleeding risk: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):704-9 Abstract
220. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text
221. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text
222. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract
223. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract
224. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text
225. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text Abstract
226. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text Abstract
227. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text Abstract
228. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Feb 2025 [internet publication].Full text
229. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text Abstract
230. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text Abstract
231. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11.Full text Abstract
232. Lindson N, Theodoulou A, Ordóñez-Mena JM, et al. Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Sep 12;9(9):CD015226.Full text Abstract
233. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text Abstract
234. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer